From Structural Disparities to Neuropharmacology: A Review of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Treatment

Nayla M Khoury; Nevena V Radonjić; Avery B Albert; Stephen V Faraone

doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002

From Structural Disparities to Neuropharmacology: A Review of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Treatment

Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2022 Jul;31(3):343-361. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002. Epub 2022 May 11.

Authors

Nayla M Khoury¹, Nevena V Radonjić¹, Avery B Albert², Stephen V Faraone³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
² Clinical Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
³ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. Electronic address: sfaraone@childpsychresearch.org.

PMID: 35697389
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002

Abstract

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset disorder with many functional impairments and psychiatric comorbidities. Although no treatment fully mitigates impairments associated with ADHD, effective management is possible with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are remarkably complex and the disorder is continuously distributed in the population. While these findings have been well documented in studies with predominantly white samples, ADHD may affect racial and ethnic minorities differentially, given diagnostic and treatment disparities. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiology, neurobiology, and neuropharmacology of ADHD, addressing racial and ethnic disparities whereby data are available.

Keywords: ADHD epidemiology; ADHD etiology and neurobiology; ADHD racial and ethnic disparities.

Publication types

Review
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* / diagnosis
Comorbidity
Humans
Neurobiology
Neuropharmacology

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding