Modeling Adoption, Security, and Privacy of COVID-19 Apps: Findings and Recommendations From an Empirical Study Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

Nuno Nunes; Greta Adamo; Miguel Ribeiro; Bruna R Gouveia; Elvio Rubio Gouveia; Pedro Teixeira; Valentina Nisi

doi:10.2196/35434

Modeling Adoption, Security, and Privacy of COVID-19 Apps: Findings and Recommendations From an Empirical Study Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

JMIR Hum Factors. 2022 Sep 14;9(3):e35434. doi: 10.2196/35434.

Authors

Nuno Nunes^{1

2}, Greta Adamo¹, Miguel Ribeiro^#^{1

2}, Bruna R Gouveia^{2

3

4}, Elvio Rubio Gouveia^{1

5}, Pedro Teixeira⁶, Valentina Nisi^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
² Interactive Technologies Institute / Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems, Lisbon, Portugal.
³ Escola Superior de Enfermagem de São José de Cluny, Funchal, Portugal.
⁴ Regional Directorate of Health, Regional Secretariat for Health and Civil Protection, Governo Regional da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
⁵ University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
⁶ Decipad, New York City, NY, United States.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 35862671
PMCID: PMC9484482
DOI: 10.2196/35434

Abstract

Background: The global health crisis caused by COVID-19 has drastically changed human society in a relatively short time. However, this crisis has offered insights into the different roles that such a worldwide virus plays in the lives of people and how those have been affected, as well as eventually proposing new solutions. From the beginning of the pandemic, technology solutions have featured prominently in virus control and in the frame of reference for international travel, especially contact tracing and passenger locator applications.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to study specific areas of technology acceptance and adoption following a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) research model.

Methods: We presented a research model based on UTAUT constructs to study the determinants for adoption of COVID-19-related apps using a questionnaire. We tested the model via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) using travelers' data from an insular tourist region.

Results: Our model explained 90.3% of the intention to use (N=9555) and showed an increased understanding of the vital role of safety, security, privacy, and trust in the usage intention of safety apps. Results also showed how the impact of COVID-19 is not a strong predictor of adoption, while age, education level, and social capital are essential moderators of behavioral intention.

Conclusions: In terms of scientific impact, the results described here provide important insights and contributions not only for researchers but also for policy and decision makers by explaining the reasons behind the adoption and usage of apps designed for COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; UTAUT; confirmatory factor analysis; digital health; empirical study; global health; mobile health; privacy; research model; security; structural equation modeling; technology acceptance; technology solution.

©Nuno Nunes, Greta Adamo, Miguel Ribeiro, Bruna R Gouveia, Elvio Rubio Gouveia, Pedro Teixeira, Valentina Nisi. Originally published in JMIR Human Factors (https://humanfactors.jmir.org), 14.09.2022.