Ten years of collecting hematological athlete biological passport samples-perspectives from a National Anti-doping Organization

Lasse V Bækken; Geir Holden; Astrid Gjelstad; Fredrik Lauritzen

doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.954479

Ten years of collecting hematological athlete biological passport samples-perspectives from a National Anti-doping Organization

Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Jul 19:4:954479. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.954479. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Lasse V Bækken¹, Geir Holden², Astrid Gjelstad^{3

4}, Fredrik Lauritzen³

Affiliations

¹ Nordic Athlete Passport Management Unit, Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
² Department of Testing, Investigations and Legal, Anti-doping Norway, Oslo, Norway.
³ Science and Medicine, Anti-doping Norway, Oslo, Norway.
⁴ Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Abstract

The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) aims to reveal blood doping indirectly by looking at selected biomarkers of doping over time. For Anti-Doping Organizations (ADOs), the ABP is a vital tool in the fight against doping in sports through improved target testing and analysis, investigations, deterrence, and as indirect evidence for use of prohibited methods or substances. The physiological characteristics of sport disciplines is an important risk factor in the overall risk assessment and when implementing the hematological module. Sharing of experiences with implementing the hematological ABP between ADOs is key to further strengthen and extend its use. In this study, we present 10 years of experience with the hematological ABP program from the perspectives of a National ADO with special attention to sport disciplines' physiological characteristics as a potential risk factor for blood doping. Not surprisingly, most samples were collected in sport disciplines where the aerobic capacity is vital for performance. The study highlights strengths in Anti-Doping Norway's testing program but also areas that could be improved. For example, it was shown that samples were collected both in and out of season in a subset of the data material that included three popular sports in Norway (Cross-Country Skiing, Nordic Combined, and Biathlon), however, from the total data material it was clear that athletes were more likely to be tested out of competition and on certain days of the week and times of the day. The use of doping control officers with a flexible time schedule and testing outside an athlete's 60 min time-slot could help with a more even distribution during the week and day, and thus reduce the predictability of testing. In addition to promoting a discussion on testing strategies, the study can be used as a starting point for other ADOs on how to examine their own testing program.

Keywords: ABP; ADO; anti-doping; blood doping; risk assessment; sport; test distribution plan; test statistics.