Momentary subjective responses to alcohol as predictors of continuing to drink during daily-life drinking episodes

Abstract

Purpose: Subjective response to alcohol's stimulating and sedating effects is a person-level risk factor for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder. Longitudinal and laboratory studies have demonstrated that at-risk individuals experience greater stimulation and lower sedation while drinking. While between-person subjective responses inform risk and etiology, in-the-moment assessments during daily-life drinking may elucidate the within-person processes by which stimulation and sedation may lead to heavier drinking. We aimed to characterize these momentary processes by testing momentary stimulation and sedation during drinking as predictors of subsequently continuing to drink during densely sampled, daily-life drinking episodes.

Procedures: 113 adults (54 with borderline personality disorder and 59 community participants; 77.9% female) completed ecological momentary assessment for 21 days, reporting momentary subjective stimulation and sedation throughout drinking episodes and momentary alcohol use after drink initiation (i.e., continued drinking).

Findings: GLMMs demonstrated that greater day-level stimulation (OR=1.48, 95% CI=[1.20, 1.82], p<.001), greater person-level stimulation (OR=1.63, 95% CI=[1.05, 2.53], p=.031), and lower momentary sedation (OR=0.54, 95% CI=[0.41, 0.71], p<.001) predicted continued drinking.

Conclusions: Although greater stimulation and lower sedation have been conceptualized as individual-level risk factors for heavy drinking, our findings suggest that these associations are accompanied by processes that operate within person. Our results suggest that greater stimulation may confer risk for heavy drinking at the level of the drinking episode, possibly acting as positive reinforcement that may contribute to heavier drinking during future episodes. In contrast, lower sedation may primarily confer in-the-moment risk by contributing to momentary decisions to keep drinking within an episode.

Keywords: Alcohol use; Craving; Ecological momentary assessment; Sedation; Stimulation; Subjective response.