Purpose: Community violence disproportionally impacts Black youth. Experiences of racism and discrimination may create additional challenges for youth recovering from violence exposure. This study used ecological momentary assessment to elucidate how perceptions of racism and social support influence health and safety outcomes among Black youth following violence exposure.
Methods: Twenty-five Black youth (14-19 years old, 60% female) who had witnessed violence within the past three months completed a baseline survey that assessed discrimination experiences, social support, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS), and perceived safety. Youth completed ecological momentary assessments three times daily for two weeks about the place they were in, people they were with, their current emotional state, and in-the-moment racism perceptions. Multilevel models estimated the relationship between overall and time-varying perceptions of racism and social support, PTS symptoms, and perceived safety.
Results: Overall, 76% of youth reported at least one discrimination experience at baseline. Prior discrimination was associated with higher PTS (B = 1.86, p = .001) and depressive symptoms (B = 0.13, p = .013) at baseline. Youth who reported higher overall perceptions of racism in-the-moment reported higher PTS (B = 0.50, p = .002) and lower perceived safety (B = -0.53, p = .001). In-the-moment perceptions of racism were associated with lower perceived safety in that place (B = -0.09, p < .01). Emotional and instrumental support were associated with lower PTS and higher perceived safety (p < .05).
Discussion: Experiences of racism and being in discriminatory places impacted youth's depressive symptoms, PTS symptoms, and perceived safety. Interventions attuned to in-the-moment experiences of racism, and that leverage social support, are needed to support Black youth exposed to violence and discrimination.
Keywords: Black youth; Discrimination; Ecological momentary assessments; Post-traumatic stress; Racism; Safety; Social support.
Published by Elsevier Inc.