Diet Quality and Body Mass Index Over 20 Years in the Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract

Background: With increasing rates of overweight and obesity and disparities by ethnicity, it is important to understand the role of diet in ameliorating this health problem.

Objective: This study examined the relation of diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 with body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m²) and obesity among participants of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) in cross-sectional analyses at 3 time points (T-1, T-2, and T-3) over 20 years.

Design: In a subset of 1,860 MEC participants, 3 cross-sectional analyses at cohort entry (1993 to 1996, T-1) and follow-ups in 2003 to 2008 (T-2) and 2013 to 2016 (T-3) were performed.

Participants/setting: The cohort consists of African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, Latino, and White adults in Hawaii and California; mean age was 48 years at T-1.

Main outcome measure: BMI and weight status in relation to diet quality were measured.

Statistical analysis: Linear and multinomial logistic regressions were applied to analyze the relation of diet quality with BMI and obesity, while adjusting for known confounders.

Results: Healthy Eating Index 2015 increased by 6.1 and 5.1 units for men and women, respectively, from T-1 to T-3; the respective values for BMI were 1.5 and 2.4. Diet quality was inversely associated with BMI across time: BMI was lower by -0.47, -0.72, and -0.92 units for every 10-point increase in Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores at T-1, T-2, and T-3, respectively (P < .0001 for all). During the 20 years, the association was consistently high among Japanese American participants (-0.79, -0.87, and -1.02) and weakest in African American cohort members (-0.34, -0.37, and -0.40). Higher diet quality was related to lower odds of having obesity at all 3 time points; prevalence odds ratios were 0.72, 0.57, and 0.60.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that consuming a high-quality diet is related to lower BMI and rates of overweight and obesity but with the strongest association at an older age. To understand the ethnic differences, investigations of dietary habits and behaviors and/or fat distribution patterns will be needed in the future.

Keywords: Body mass index; Diet quality; Healthy Eating Index 2015; Multiethnic populations; Obesity.