Racial Disparities in Employment Status After Moderate/Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries in Southeast Michigan

Abstract

Objective: To examine the progress made in recent decades by assessing the employment rates of Black and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI), controlling for pre-TBI employment status and education status.

Design: Retrospective analysis in a cohort of patients treated in Southeast Michigan at major trauma centers in more recent years (February 2010 to December 2019).

Setting: Southeastern Michigan Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS): 1 of 16 TBIMSs across the United States.

Participants: NHW (n=81) and Black (n=188) patients with moderate/severe TBI (N=269).

Intervention: Not applicable.

Main outcome measures: Employment status, which is separated into 2 categories: student plus competitive employment and noncompetitive employment.

Results: In 269 patients, NHW patients had more severe initial TBI, measured by percentage brain computed tomography with compression causing >5-mm midline shift (P<.001). Controlling for pre-TBI employment status, we found NHW participants who were students or had competitive employment prior to TBI had higher rates of competitive employment at 2-year (P=.03) follow-up. Controlling for pre-TBI education status, we found no difference in competitive and noncompetitive employment rates between NHW and Black participants at all follow-up years.

Conclusions: Black patients who were students or had competitive employment before TBI experience worse employment outcomes than their NHW counterparts after TBI at 2 years post TBI. Further research is needed to understand better the factors driving these disparities and how social determinants of health affect these racial differences after TBI.

Keywords: Brain injuries, traumatic; Employment; Health disparate, minority and vulnerable populations; Racial groups; Rehabilitation.