Infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium vivax cases to different generations of wild-caught and laboratory-adapted Anopheles arabiensis using a membrane feeding assay, Ethiopia

Tenaye Ayele; Biniam Wondale; Girum Tamiru; Nigatu Eligo; Bernt Lindtjørn; Fekadu Massebo

doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100137

Infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium vivax cases to different generations of wild-caught and laboratory-adapted Anopheles arabiensis using a membrane feeding assay, Ethiopia

Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2023 Jul 27:4:100137. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100137. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Tenaye Ayele^{1

2}, Biniam Wondale¹, Girum Tamiru¹, Nigatu Eligo¹, Bernt Lindtjørn^{1

3}, Fekadu Massebo¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
² Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia.
³ Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway.

Abstract

When measuring human to mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp., laboratory-adapted (colony) mosquitoes can be utilized. To connect transmission studies to the local epidemiology, it can be important to comprehend the relationship between infectivity in laboratory-adapted (colony) and wild-caught (wild) mosquitoes of the same species. Microscopically confirmed Plasmodium vivax cases were recruited from health facilities in Arba Minch town, and a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for subsequent confirmation. We performed paired membrane-feeding assays using colony An. arabiensis and three generations of wild origin An. arabiensis. Anopheles arabiensis aged 3-6 days were fed after being starved for 8-14 h. Microscopically, the oocyst development was evaluated at day 7 after feeding. Circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) assay was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 19 paired feeding experiments, the feeding efficiency was more than doubled in colony (median: 62.5%; interquartile range, IQR: 35-78%) than in wild mosquitoes (median: 28.5%; IQR: 17.5-40%; P < 0.001). Among the 19 P. vivax gametocyte-positive blood samples, 63.2% (n = 12) were infective to wild An. arabiensis and 73.7% (n = 14) were infective to colony An. arabiensis. The median infection rate was twice as high (26%) in the colony than in the wild (13%) An. arabiensis, although the difference was marginally insignificant (P = 0.06). Although the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19), the median number of oocysts per midgut was more than twice as high (17.8/midgut) in colony than in wild (7.2/midgut) An. arabiensis. The median feeding efficiency was 26.5% (IQR: 18-37%) in F1, 29.3% (IQR: 28-40%) in F2 and 31.2% (IQR: 30-37%) in F3 generations of wild An. arabiensis. Also, no significant difference was observed in oocyst infection rate and load between generations of wild An. arabiensis. CSP rate of P. vivax was 3.1% (3/97; 95% CI: 0.6-8.8%) in wild and 3.6% (3/84; 95% CI: 0.7-10.1%) in colony An. arabiensis. The results of the present study revealed that oocyst infection and load/midgut, and CSP rate were roughly comparable, indicating that colony mosquitoes can be employed for infectivity studies, while larger sample sizes may be necessary in future studies.

Keywords: Anopheles arabiensis; Ethiopia; Membrane feeding assays; Plasmodoum vivax.