Whether a yet chronic and not curable disease like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be subject to prevention or whether available resources should be focused on treatment is a classical dilemma. Similar to the case in most other chronic diseases, the focus in research as well as in clinical practice has been on the treatment of established diseases, resulting in drugs that are efficient in eliminating most joint damage but not able to cure the disease or stop needs for continuous treatment of the disease. Less effort has been spent on identifying and implementing ways to prevent the disease. We argue in this review that knowledge concerning the longitudinal evolvement of the major, 'seropositive' subset of RA has now come to a stage where prevention should be a large part of the research agenda and that we should prepare for prevention as part of clinical practice in RA. We describe briefly the knowledge basis for broad public health-based prevention as well as for a 'precision prevention' strategy. In the latter, individuals at high risk for RA will be identified, monitored, and ultimately provided with advice on how to change lifestyle/environment or be given treatment with drugs able to delay and ultimately stop the development of RA. Whether this potential of precision prevention for RA will change the broader clinical practice will depend on whether specific and long-lasting interference with disease-inducing immunity, ultimately 'tolerance therapy', will become a reality.
Keywords: Autoimmunity; Immunotherapy; Prevention; Rheumatoid arthritis; Tolerance.
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Immunology.