Genotype-by-socioeconomic status interaction influences heart disease risk scores and carotid artery thickness in Mexican Americans: the predominant role of education in comparison to household income and socioeconomic index

Vincent P Diego; Eron G Manusov; Xi Mao; Joanne E Curran; Harald Göring; Marcio Almeida; Michael C Mahaney; Juan M Peralta; John Blangero; Sarah Williams-Blangero

doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1132110

Genotype-by-socioeconomic status interaction influences heart disease risk scores and carotid artery thickness in Mexican Americans: the predominant role of education in comparison to household income and socioeconomic index

Front Genet. 2023 Sep 14:14:1132110. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1132110. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Vincent P Diego^{1

2}, Eron G Manusov^{1

2}, Xi Mao³, Joanne E Curran^{1

2}, Harald Göring^{1

2}, Marcio Almeida^{1

2}, Michael C Mahaney^{1

2}, Juan M Peralta^{1

2}, John Blangero^{1

2}, Sarah Williams-Blangero^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States.
² School of Medicine, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States.
³ Department of Economics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States.

Abstract

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a potent environmental determinant of health. To our knowledge, no assessment of genotype-environment interaction has been conducted to consider the joint effects of socioeconomic status and genetics on risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We analyzed Mexican American Family Studies (MAFS) data to evaluate the hypothesis that genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) is an important determinant of variation in CVD risk factors. Methods: We employed a linear mixed model to investigate GxE in Mexican American extended families. We studied two proxies for CVD [Pooled Cohort Equation Risk Scores/Framingham Risk Scores (FRS/PCRS) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT)] in relation to socioeconomic status as determined by Duncan's Socioeconomic Index (SEI), years of education, and household income. Results: We calculated heritability for FRS/PCRS and carotid artery intima-media thickness. There was evidence of GxE due to additive genetic variance heterogeneity and genetic correlation for FRS, PCRS, and CA-IMT measures for education (environment) but not for household income or SEI. Conclusion: The genetic effects underlying CVD are dynamically modulated at the lower end of the SES spectrum. There is a significant change in the genetic architecture underlying the major components of CVD in response to changes in education.

Keywords: CVD (cardio vascular disease); Duncan’s SEI; Framingham 10-year general cardiovascular disease risk; GxE; Mexican Americans; SES; linear mixed model.

Abstract

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