Introduction: Hearing loss (HL) and mild behavioral impairment (MBI) are non-cognitive markers of dementia. This study investigated the relationship between hearing and MBI and explored the influence of hearing aid use on the treatment of hearing loss, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Methods: Data were analyzed from National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center participants, age ≥50, dementia-free at baseline, collected between 2005 and 2022. Three self-report questions were used to generate a three-level categorical hearing variable: No-HL, Untreated-HL, and Treated-HL. MBI status was derived from the informant-rated Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) using a published algorithm. At baseline (n = 7080), logistic regression was used to examine the association between hearing status (predictor) and the presence of global and domain-specific MBI (outcome), adjusting for age, sex, cognitive diagnosis, and apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4). Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent covariates were used to examine the effect of (1) hearing status as exposure on the rate of incident MBI (n = 5889); and (2) MBI as exposure on the rate of incident HL in those with no HL at baseline (n = 6252).
Results: Cross-sectionally, participants with Untreated-HL were more likely to exhibit global MBI (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.24-2.21) and individual MBI domains of social inappropriateness (aOR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.06-3.39), affective dysregulation (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.21-2.38), and impulse dyscontrol (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.21-2.38), compared to those with No-HL. Participants with Treated-HL (i.e., hearing aid use) did not differ from No-HL for odds of global or most MBI domains, except for impulse dyscontrol (aOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05-1.81). Longitudinally, we found relationships between Treated-HL and incident MBI (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01-1.63) and between MBI and incident Untreated-HL (aHR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.19-1.94).
Discussion: Our cross-sectional results support that hearing aid use is associated with lower odds of concurrent global MBI in dementia-free participants. Longitudinally, relationships were found between MBI and HL. The severity of HL was not assessed, however, and may require further exploration.
Highlights: Hearing Loss (HL) and mild behavioral impairment (MBI) are markers of dementiaCross-sectionally: Untreated-HL was associated with global MBI burden, butHL treated with hearing aids was notWe found associations between MBI and incident Untreated-HL.
Keywords: MBI; dementia; dementia prevention; hearing aid; hearing loss; mild behavioral impairment; neuropsychiatric symptoms; risk factor.
© 2023 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.