Light exposure during sleep is associated with irregular sleep timing: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Danielle A Wallace; Xinye Qiu; Joel Schwartz; Tianyi Huang; Frank A J L Scheer; Susan Redline; Tamar Sofer

doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.23296889

Light exposure during sleep is associated with irregular sleep timing: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Oct 12:2023.10.11.23296889. doi: 10.1101/2023.10.11.23296889.

Authors

Danielle A Wallace^{1

2}, Xinye Qiu³, Joel Schwartz³, Tianyi Huang^{1

4}, Frank A J L Scheer^{1

2

5}, Susan Redline^{1

2

6}, Tamar Sofer^{1

2

7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
² Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA.
³ Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital.
⁵ Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
⁷ Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
⁸ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.

Abstract

Objective: Exposure to light at night (LAN) may influence sleep timing and regularity. Here, we test whether greater light exposure during sleep (LEDS) associates with greater irregularity in sleep onset timing in a large cohort of older adults.

Methods: Light exposure and activity patterns, measured via wrist-worn actigraphy (ActiWatch Spectrum), were analyzed in 1,933 participants with 6+ valid days of data in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Exam 5 Sleep Study. Summary measures of LEDS averaged across nights were evaluated in linear and logistic regression analyses to test the association with standard deviation (SD) in sleep onset timing (continuous variable) and irregular sleep onset timing (SD≥1.36 hours, binary). Night-to-night associations between LEDS and absolute differences in nightly sleep onset timing were also evaluated with distributed lag non-linear models and mixed models.

Results: In between-individual linear and logistic models adjusted for demographic, health, and seasonal factors, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS was associated with an increase of 7.8 minutes in sleep onset SD (β=0.13 hours, 95%CI:0.09-0.17) and 40% greater odds (OR=1.40, 95%CI:1.24-1.60) of irregular sleep onset. In within-individual night-to-night mixed model analyses, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS the night prior (lag0) was associated with a 2.2-minute greater deviation of sleep onset the next night (β=0.036 hours, p<0.05). Conversely, every 1-hour increase in sleep deviation (lag0) was associated with a 0.35-lux increase in future LEDS (β=0.347 lux, p<0.05).

Conclusion: LEDS was associated with greater irregularity in sleep onset in between-individual analyses and subsequent deviation in sleep timing in within-individual analyses, supporting a role for LEDS in exacerbating irregular sleep onset timing. Greater deviation in sleep onset was also associated with greater future LEDS, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Maintaining a dark sleeping environment and preventing LEDS may promote sleep regularity and following a regular sleep schedule may limit LEDS.

Keywords: Actigraphy; Light at night; Sleep regularity; Sleep variability.

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