The genetics of gaming: A longitudinal twin study

Anders Nilsson; Ralf Kuja-Halkola; Paul Lichtenstein; Henrik Larsson; Sebastian Lundström; Helena Fatouros-Bergman; Nitya Jayaram-Lindström; Yasmina Molero

doi:10.1002/jcv2.12179

The genetics of gaming: A longitudinal twin study

JCPP Adv. 2023 May 28;3(4):e12179. doi: 10.1002/jcv2.12179. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

Anders Nilsson^{1

2}, Ralf Kuja-Halkola³, Paul Lichtenstein³, Henrik Larsson³, Sebastian Lundström^{4

5}, Helena Fatouros-Bergman^{1

2}, Nitya Jayaram-Lindström^{1

2}, Yasmina Molero^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatry Research Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.
² Stockholm Health Care Services Stockholm Sweden.
³ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.
⁴ Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.
⁵ Center for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM) Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.

Abstract

Background: Gaming is a popular past-time activity among children and adolescents, but it there is also a possible link to negative consequences such as psychological distress and lowered academic achievement. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps remaining regarding central characteristics of gaming such as heritability, stability over time, and sex differences. We examined the genetic and environmental contribution to gaming behavior, including sex differences, continuity and change, in a longitudinal cohort of twins.

Methods: This is the first longitudinal twin study on gaming, involving 32,006 twins in Sweden. Parents were asked about the twins' gaming at ages 9, 15 and 18. We used univariate and multivariate twin analyses to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences at each time-point as well as across time. Sex-differences were also explored.

Results: The results showed large sex differences, where genetics explained more of the variance for boys (31.3%-62.5% depending on age) than for girls (19.4%-23.4%). Genetic factors explained an increasing amount of the variance for boys (31.3% at age 9, 62.5% at age 15 and 53.9% at age 18). Shared environmental factors explained a larger proportion of the variance among girls, which remained relatively stable over time (70.5% at age 9, 61.8% at age 15 and 60.5% at age 18). The results also indicated that most of the variance came from genetic and environmental sources specific to each age.

Conclusions: Compared to many other behavioral phenotypes, such as gambling, gaming was relatively unstable with a large degree of genetic innovation. There were large sex differences in the contribution of genetic and environmental factors. This suggests that excessive gaming could be the result of age- and sex-specific genetic and environmental factors, and should be taken into account when mapping gaming behaviors, since these behaviors might be under continual etiological transformation.

Keywords: adolescence; gaming; heritability; twin studies.