Social Interest Data as a Proxy for Off-Label Performance-Enhancing Drug Use: Implications and Clinical Considerations

Philip A Holubeck; Andrew C Eksi; Kyle Gillett; James O'Hara; Daniel J McGoldrick; Demi R Brown; Alec D McCarthy

doi:10.7759/cureus.52011

Social Interest Data as a Proxy for Off-Label Performance-Enhancing Drug Use: Implications and Clinical Considerations

Cureus. 2024 Jan 10;16(1):e52011. doi: 10.7759/cureus.52011. eCollection 2024 Jan.

Authors

Philip A Holubeck¹, Andrew C Eksi¹, Kyle Gillett², James O'Hara², Daniel J McGoldrick³, Demi R Brown⁴, Alec D McCarthy⁵

Affiliations

¹ College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
² Department of Family Medicine, University of Kansas Health System, Olathe, USA.
³ Department of Computer Science, California State University, Seaside, USA.
⁴ School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, USA.
⁵ Department of Surgery - Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.

Abstract

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) can be categorized into various classes based on the physiological mechanism of the compound, with the most popular being anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators, and growth hormones. Ancillary compounds, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and selective estrogen receptor degraders, are commonly utilized alongside a PED to counterbalance any potential undesired side effects. With little clinically relevant data to support the use of these ancillary compounds, medical education and evidence-based approaches aimed at monitoring the potential adverse effects of PED use are sparse.This study aims to identify emerging trends in the interest of PEDs and related ancillary compounds, hypothesize the physiological effects of the continued respective behavior, and propose a proxy for use by clinicians to approximate off-label drug use and subsequently modify their practices accordingly. Several significant trends were identified for non-FDA-regulated compounds (i.e., selective androgen receptor modulators such as RAD-140) and off-label indications for FDA-regulated drugs (i.e., SERMs such as tamoxifen). A significant increase in interest regarding selective androgen receptor modulators, mirrored by anecdotal reports in clinical settings and online forums, is coupled with stagnant or decreasing interest in both post-cycle therapies and anabolic steroids. Ultimately, we propose a call to action for utilizing social data and/or prescription data as a proxy for clinicians to better understand trends in these compounds and thus refine their treatment protocols in a concordant manner.

Keywords: anabolic androgenic steroid; anabolic steroid; exercise sciences; exogenous steroids; google trends healthcare; selective androgen receptor modulator; sports medicine; drug abuse.