Placental weight, surface area, shape and thickness - Relations with maternal ethnicity and cardio-metabolic factors during pregnancy

Abstract

Introduction: A better understanding of the determinants of placental growth is needed. Our primary aim was to explore associations between maternal ethnic origin and cardio-metabolic factors during pregnancy, and placental weight, surface area, shape and thickness.

Methods: A multi-ethnic population-based cohort study of 474 pregnant women examined at mean 15 and 28 weeks' gestation. Placentas were inspected after birth by a placental pathologist. Outcome measures were trimmed placental weight and three uncorrelated placental components; surface area, shape (oval vs round) and thickness, created through a principal components analysis. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the associations with maternal factors.

Results: Compared with ethnic European women, mothers with South- and East Asian ethnicity had placentas with lower weight (-51 g (95% CI: 75, -27) and -55 g (-95, -14) respectively), primarily due to a smaller surface area. The association between South Asian ethnicity and placental surface area was still significant after adjusting for maternal characteristics and cardio-metabolic factors. Fat mass index in early pregnancy was associated with higher placental weight and thickness. Placental surface area was positively associated with mid-gestational increases in fat mass, fasting glucose and triglycerides and with the 2-h glucose value at the 28 week oral glucose tolerance test, and inversely with a mid-gestational increase in HDL-cholesterol.

Discussion: Mid-gestational changes in fat mass, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were associated with, but only partly explained ethnic differences in placental surface area, while maternal fat mass in early pregnancy was associated with placental thickness.

Keywords: Cardio-metabolic factors; Ethnicity; Placental surface area; Placental thickness; Placental weight.