External validation of a deep learning model for predicting bone mineral density on chest radiographs

Takamune Asamoto; Yasuhiko Takegami; Yoichi Sato; Shunsuke Takahara; Norio Yamamoto; Naoya Inagaki; Satoshi Maki; Mitsuru Saito; Shiro Imagama

doi:10.1007/s11657-024-01372-9

External validation of a deep learning model for predicting bone mineral density on chest radiographs

Arch Osteoporos. 2024 Mar 13;19(1):15. doi: 10.1007/s11657-024-01372-9.

Authors

Takamune Asamoto¹, Yasuhiko Takegami², Yoichi Sato¹, Shunsuke Takahara³, Norio Yamamoto⁴, Naoya Inagaki⁵, Satoshi Maki⁶, Mitsuru Saito⁷, Shiro Imagama¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
² Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan. takegami.yasuhiko.k3@f.mail.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
³ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan.
⁴ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Miyamoto Orthopaedic Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
⁵ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
⁶ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
⁷ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

PMID: 38472499
DOI: 10.1007/s11657-024-01372-9

Abstract

We developed a new model for predicting bone mineral density on chest radiographs and externally validated it using images captured at facilities other than the development environment. The model performed well and showed potential for clinical use.

Purpose: In this study, we performed external validation (EV) of a developed deep learning model for predicting bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck on chest radiographs to verify the usefulness of this model in clinical practice.

Methods: This study included patients who visited any of the collaborating facilities from 2010 to 2020 and underwent chest radiography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the femoral neck in the year before and after their visit. A total of 50,114 chest radiographs were obtained, and BMD was measured using DXA. We developed the model with 47,150 images from 17 facilities and performed EV with 2914 images from three other facilities (EV dataset). We trained the deep learning model via ensemble learning based on chest radiographs, age, and sex to predict BMD using regression. The outcomes were the correlation of the predicted BMD and measured BMD with diagnoses of osteoporosis and osteopenia using the T-score estimated from the predicted BMD.

Results: The mean BMD was 0.64±0.14 g/cm² in the EV dataset. The BMD predicted by the model averaged 0.61±0.08 g/cm², with a correlation coefficient of 0.68 (p<0.01) when compared with the BMD measured using DXA. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model were 79.0%, 96.6%, and 34.1% for T-score < -1 and 79.7%, 77.1%, and 80.4% for T-score ≤ -2.5, respectively.

Conclusion: Our model, which was externally validated using data obtained at facilities other than the development environment, predicted BMD of femoral neck on chest radiographs. The model performed well and showed potential for clinical use.

Keywords: Bone analysis/quantitation; Bone disorders; Bone mineral density; Chest radiography; Osteoporosis; Screening.

MeSH terms

Absorptiometry, Photon / methods
Bone Density
Deep Learning*
Humans
Osteoporosis* / diagnostic imaging
Radiography