Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Premenopausal Women: Global Trends and Projections to 2040

Pojsakorn Danpanichkul; Cheng Han Ng; Mark D Muthiah; Kwanjit Duangsonk; Siwanart Kongarin; Karan Srisurapanont; Phakkamon Pingwang; Nonlawan Songmueang; Chalida Nonthasoot; Worapaka Manosroi; Surakit Nathisuwan; Fang Li; Ju Dong Yang; Vincent L Chen; Donghee Kim; Mazen Noureddin; Daniel Q Huang; Karn Wijarnpreecha

doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.12.025

Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Premenopausal Women: Global Trends and Projections to 2040

Mayo Clin Proc. 2024 Mar 28:S0025-6196(24)00035-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.12.025. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Pojsakorn Danpanichkul¹, Cheng Han Ng², Mark D Muthiah³, Kwanjit Duangsonk⁴, Siwanart Kongarin⁵, Karan Srisurapanont⁵, Phakkamon Pingwang⁵, Nonlawan Songmueang⁵, Chalida Nonthasoot⁵, Worapaka Manosroi⁶, Surakit Nathisuwan⁷, Fang Li⁸, Ju Dong Yang⁹, Vincent L Chen¹⁰, Donghee Kim¹⁰, Mazen Noureddin¹¹, Daniel Q Huang³, Karn Wijarnpreecha¹²

Affiliations

¹ Immunology Unit, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Electronic address: pojsakorndan@gmail.com.
² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
³ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
⁶ Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
⁷ Clinical Pharmacy Division, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand.
⁸ School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁹ Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
¹¹ Houston Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
¹² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Electronic address: dr.karn.wi@gmail.com.

PMID: 38551541
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.12.025

Abstract

Objective: To quantify the burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and related metabolic disorders in premenopausal women.

Patients and methods: Between 2010 and 2019, global evaluations of prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and their age-standardized rate (ASR) were conducted for metabolic conditions such as MASLD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension (HTN), obesity, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Subgroup assessments were conducted according to geographical regions and the sociodemographic index. The predictive models were established to estimate mortality and DALYs through 2040.

Results: In 2019, the most significant ASR of deaths was found in HTN (11.37; 9.52 to 13.45), followed by obesity (10.49; 7.57 to 13.64). In contrast, the greatest ASR of DALYs was attributed to obesity (816.13; 581.41 to 1073.32), followed by HTN (634.73; 536.75 to 744.77). The mortality rates for dyslipidemia (^-0.55%) and HTN (^-0.72%) have been decreasing over time, but there has been an increase in obesity (⁺0.58%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (⁺0.85%), and MASLD (⁺0.51%). Lower sociodemographic index countries exhibit a higher disability-to-prevalence ratio. In 2040, obesity is predicted to cause the most deaths (⁺41.59% from 2019).

Conclusion: The escalating impact of metabolic syndrome, the rising trends in death rates linked to obesity, and the disparities based on region and socioeconomic status in premenopausal women underscore the alarming increase in the global burden of metabolic syndrome.