Background: Recent studies showed that Black patients more often have falsely normal oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry compared to White patients. However, whether the racial differences in occult hypoxemia are mediated by other clinical differences is unknown.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study utilizing two large ICU databases (eICU and MIMIC-IV). We defined occult hypoxemia as oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry within 92-98% despite oxygen saturation on arterial blood gas below 90%. We assessed associations of commonly measured clinical factors with occult hypoxemia using multivariable logistic regression and conducted mediation analysis of the racial effect.
Results: Among 24,641 patients, there were 1,855 occult hypoxemia cases and 23,786 controls. In both datasets, Black patients were more likely to have occult hypoxemia (unadjusted odds ratio 1.66 [95%-CI: 1.41-1.95] in eICU and 2.00 [95%-CI: 1.22-3.14] in MIMIC-IV). In multivariable models, higher respiratory rate, PaCO2 and creatinine as well as lower hemoglobin were associated with increased odds of occult hypoxemia. Differences in the commonly measured clinical markers accounted for 9.2% and 44.4% of the racial effect on occult hypoxemia in eICU and MIMIC-IV, respectively.
Conclusion: Clinical differences, in addition to skin tone, might mediate some of the racial differences in occult hypoxemia.
Keywords: ICU; Occult hypoxemia; SaO2; SpO2; bias; blood gas; critical care; difference; disparity; intensive care; oxygen saturation; pulse oximetry; racial.