Background: Moral distress has negative effects on physical and mental health. However, there is little information about nurses' coping strategies reducing moral distress.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the coping strategies of intensive care unit nurses reducing moral distress in Iran.
Study design: This is a qualitative study with a content analysis approach.
Participants and research context: The research sample consisted of nurses working in intensive care units of teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected among eligible nurses by purposive sampling. Data were obtained through 17 in-depth, individual, and semi-structured interviews with 17 nurses. Graneheim and Lundman's (2004) 6-step content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Data management was also performed by MAXQDA software version 20. The COREQ checklist was used to report the study.
Ethical considerations: This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All ethical guidelines in research were followed.
Finding: The data analysis resulted in the formation of two main categories of desirable coping strategies (with two subcategories of compensation and rejuvenation) and less desirable coping strategies (with three subclasses of indifference over time, escape and concealment).
Discussion: The intensive care unit nurses in dealing with ethical problems first try to solve the problem through discussion, but when they fail to resolve it peacefully, they resort to several coping strategies. Factors, such as increasing experience, lack of support from hospital managers and officials, poor communication between colleagues, the need to maintain hierarchy, fear of reprimand, and a sense of powerlessness, changed the nurses' preferred strategies. It is important for managers to provide a blame/punishment-free atmosphere for expression of ethical experiences; a supportive atmosphere in which staff can engage in ethical discussions without fear of punishment. They should also provide opportunities for rest, rejuvenation, and adequate training for their employees.
Keywords: Content analysis; coping; intensive care units; moral distress; nurses.