Emergency Department Trauma Activation Fees by Payer Type

Affiliations

• ¹ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
• ² School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.
• ³ Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Baltimore, Maryland.
• ⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.
• ⁵ Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.