Improved therapeutic approach for spinal muscular atrophy via ubiquitination-resistant survival motor neuron variant

Abstract

Background: Zolgensma is a gene-replacement therapy that has led to a promising treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, clinical trials of Zolgensma have raised two major concerns: insufficient therapeutic effects and adverse events. In a recent clinical trial, 30% of patients failed to achieve motor milestones despite pre-symptomatic treatment. In addition, more than 20% of patients showed hepatotoxicity due to excessive virus dosage, even after the administration of an immunosuppressant. Here, we aimed to test whether a ubiquitination-resistant variant of survival motor neuron (SMN), SMN^K186R, has improved therapeutic effects for SMA compared with wild-type SMN (SMN^WT).

Methods: A severe SMA mouse model, SMA type 1.5 (Smn^-/-; SMN2^+/+; SMN∆7^+/-) mice, was used to compare the differences in therapeutic efficacy between AAV9-SMN^WT and AAV9-SMN^K186R. All animals were injected within Postnatal Day (P) 1 through a facial vein or cerebral ventricle.

Results: AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice showed increased lifespan, body weight, motor neuron number, muscle weight and functional improvement in motor functions as compared with AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice. Lifespan increased by more than 10-fold in AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice (144.8 ± 26.11 days) as compared with AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice (26.8 ± 1.41 days). AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice showed an ascending weight pattern, unlike AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice, which only gained weight until P20 up to 5 g on average. Several motor function tests showed the improved therapeutic efficacy of SMN^K186R. In the negative geotaxis test, AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice turned their bodies in an upward direction successfully, unlike AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice, which failed to turn upwards from around P23. Hind limb clasping phenotype was rarely observed in AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice, unlike AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice that showed clasping phenotype for more than 20 out of 30 s. At this point, the number of motor neurons (1.5-fold) and the size of myofibers (2.1-fold) were significantly increased in AAV9-SMN^K186R-treated mice compared with AAV9-SMN^WT-treated mice without prominent neurotoxicity. AAV9-SMN^K186R had fewer liver defects compared with AAV9-SMN^WT, as judged by increased proliferation of hepatocytes (P < 0.0001) and insulin-like growth factor-1 production (P < 0.0001). Especially, low-dose AAV9-SMN^K186R (nine-fold) also reduced clasping time compared with SMN^WT.

Conclusions: SMN^K186R will provide improved therapeutic efficacy in patients with severe SMA with insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Low-dose treatment of SMA patients with AAV9-SMN^K186R can reduce the adverse events of Zolgensma. Collectively, SMN^K186R has value as a new treatment for SMA that improves treatment effectiveness and reduces adverse events simultaneously.

Keywords: AAV; SMA; SMN; Zolgensma; motor neuron; neuromuscular disease; neurotoxicity; spinal muscular atrophy; survival motor neuron.