Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A promotes the inclusion of amyloid precursor protein exon 7

Abstract

Extracellular amyloid plaques made of Amyloid-β (Aβ) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) is one of the major neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are three major isoforms of APP, APP₇₇₀, APP₇₅₁, and APP₆₉₅ generated by alternative splicing of exons 7 and 8. Exon 7 encodes the Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) domain. Its inclusion generates APP isoforms containing KPI, APP_KPI+, which is elevated in AD and Down syndrome (DS) brains and associated with increased Aβ deposition. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) phosphorylates many splicing factors and regulates the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. It is upregulated in DS and AD brain. However, it is not yet clear whether Dyrk1A could regulate APP alternative splicing. In the present study, we overexpressed or knocked down Dyrk1A in cultured cells and observed that Dyrk1A promoted the inclusion of both APP exons 7 and 8. Moreover, a significant increase in APP exon7 inclusion was also detected in the forebrain and hippocampus of human Dyrk1A transgenic mice - Tg/Dyrk1A. Screening for splicing factors regulated by Dyrk1A revealed that serine/arginine-rich protein 9G8 inhibited APP exon7 inclusion and interacted with APP pre-mRNA. In vitro, expression of exon 7 facilitated APP cleavage. In human Dyrk1A transgenic mice, we also found an increase in Aβ production. These findings suggest that Dyrk1A inhibits the splicing factor 9G8 and promotes APP exon 7 inclusion, leading to more APP_KPI+ expression and APP cleavage and potentially contributing to Aβ production in vivo.

Keywords: 9G8; Alternative splicing; Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid precursor protein; Dyrk1A; Kunitz protease inhibitor domain.