Designing hard carbon microsphere structure via halogenation amination and oxidative polymerization reactions for sodium ion insertion mechanism investigation

Yafang Zhao; Jun Zheng; Yanmei Zhao; Kai Zhang; Wenwu Fu; Gang Wang; Haodong Wang; Yaowei Hao; Zhiguang Lin; Xiaocao Cao; Jiayi Liu; Ming Zhang; Zhongrong Shen

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.148

Designing hard carbon microsphere structure via halogenation amination and oxidative polymerization reactions for sodium ion insertion mechanism investigation

J Colloid Interface Sci. 2024 Aug 15:668:202-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.148. Epub 2024 Apr 25.

Authors

Yafang Zhao¹, Jun Zheng², Yanmei Zhao¹, Kai Zhang³, Wenwu Fu², Gang Wang², Haodong Wang¹, Yaowei Hao¹, Zhiguang Lin², Xiaocao Cao², Jiayi Liu², Ming Zhang², Zhongrong Shen⁴

Affiliations

¹ CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
² CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
³ CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China. Electronic address: xmzhangkai@fjirsm.ac.cn.
⁴ CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China. Electronic address: z-shen@fjirsm.ac.cn.

PMID: 38677209
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.148

Abstract

Hard carbon as a negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has great commercial potential and has been widely studied. The sodium-ion intercalation in graphite domains and the filling of closed pores in the low voltage platform region still remain a subject of controversy. We have successfully constructed hard carbon materials with a pseudo-graphitic structure by using polymerizable p-phenylenediamine and dichloromethane as carbon sources. This was achieved by a halogenated amination reaction and oxidative polymerization. It was found that the capacity of hard carbon materials mainly originates from intercalation into graphite domains. The study found that the prepared hard carbon could store 339.33 mAh g^-1 of sodium in a reversible way at a current density of 25 mA g^-1, and it had an initial coulomb efficiency of 80.23%. It even maintained a reversible sodium storage capacity of 125.53 mAh g^-1 at a high current density of 12.8 A g^-1. Based on the analysis of hard carbon structure and electrochemical performance, it was shown that the materials conform with an "adsorption-intercalation" mechanism for sodium storage.

Keywords: Anode; Electrochemical energy storage; Hard carbon; Sodium storage mechanism; Sodium-ion batteries.