Cocaine dependence continues to be a widespread and serious public health problem in the US. Unfortunately, no consensus exists about how to treat cocaine dependence. Various pharmacological and psychological therapies have been investigated with mixed results. In this report we review findings from several studies conducted to assess the efficacy of an outpatient behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence. The treatment is based on the concepts and principles of behavior analysis and behavioral pharmacology. Results obtained to date indicate the treatment is acceptable to patients, retains them in treatment, engenders clinically significant levels of cocaine abstinence and can be adapted to deal with other forms of substance abuse common in this population. Overall, we believe the treatment represents an important step towards the development of empirically based and effective treatments for cocaine dependence.