ROP is a common disorder among extremely low-birth-weight premature infant survivors and may cause total vision loss in as many as 2% to 4% of those weighing less than 2 lb (1 kg) at birth. Regular examinations begun in the intensive care unit permit early detection and treatment of progressive ROP, reducing visual impairment. Ongoing research into antioxidants, angiogenesis, light exposure, and newer surgical techniques may offer new approaches for preventing and treating established ROP. Infants who have had ROP that regressed should continue regular ophthalmologic follow-up to detect and treat myopia, strabismus, and if they have cicatricial sequelae, late retinal detachments as teens or adults. Infants who develop retinal detachments should be referred for early intervention and special education programs and remain in regular ophthalmologic follow-up for the detection and treatment of further ophthalmic complications.