Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Reveals Choriocapillaris Flow Reduction in Placoid Chorioretinitis

Michael A Klufas; Nopasak Phasukkijwatana; Nicholas A Iafe; Pradeep S Prasad; Aniruddha Agarwal; Vishali Gupta; Waseem Ansari; Francesco Pichi; Sunil Srivastava; K Bailey Freund; SriniVas R Sadda; David Sarraf

doi:10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.008

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Reveals Choriocapillaris Flow Reduction in Placoid Chorioretinitis

Ophthalmol Retina. 2017 Jan-Feb;1(1):77-91. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.008. Epub 2016 Oct 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
² Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
³ Stanley Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
⁴ Advanced Eye Centre, Chandigarh, India.
⁵ Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
⁶ Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants, New York, New York.
⁷ Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
⁸ Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: dsarraf@ucla.edu.

PMID: 31047399
DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.008

Abstract

Purpose: To elucidate the origin of disease in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) and related placoid disorders, and to determine the principle tissue level of involvement: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) versus choriocapillaris (CC). To determine the prevalence, extent, and persistence of choroidal flow reduction in placoid chorioretinitis using en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA).

Design: Multicenter, prospective case series.

Participants: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of APMPPE, persistent placoid maculopathy (PPM), or relentless placoid chorioretinitis (RPC).

Methods: Morphologic evaluation of en face structural OCT and OCTA images with customized segmentation through the deep capillary plexus, outer nuclear layer, inner segment ellipsoid band, choriocapillaris, and outer choroid.

Main outcome measures: Segmented images were graded by 3 masked readers with regard to reduction of flow and signal attenuation, and intergrader agreement was determined by mean unweighted kappa analysis.

Results: In this study, 24 eyes of 15 patients with APMPPE, PPM, or RPC were recruited and 60% of patients were male (N = 9) and the mean age was 33.6 years (range, 19-73 years). Of the 24 eyes, 96% (23/24) were graded as definite (18/24, 75%) or questionable (5/24, 21%) flow reduction within the choriocapillaris on OCTA, and 58% (14/24) were graded as definite decreased flow within the outer choroid. Mean weighted kappa analysis among readers was 0.655 for OCTA of the choriocapillaris and 0.684 for OCTA of the outer choroid. Areas of choriocapillaris flow deficit correlated closely with ischemic lesions seen with fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography but were more extensive with OCTA and significantly improved with treatment or nontreatment follow-up. Corresponding zones of outer retinal disruption also were identified and colocalized with the areas of choriocapillaris flow reduction seen with OCTA.

Conclusions: Optical coherence tomography angiography indicates that the inner choroid is the primary site of disease pathogenesis in APMPPE and related placoid disorders with secondary photoreceptor disruption. Optical coherence tomography angiography may be used to enhance diagnosis of placoid disorders and to monitor the progression of choriocapillaris ischemia and its response to therapy.