Objective: Investigating the association of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension with psychosocial stress in the first half of pregnancy.
Design: Prospective community-based cohort study.
Setting: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Population: Between January 2003 and March 2004, all pregnant Amsterdam women (n = 12 377) were invited to fill in a questionnaire with sociodemographic and psychosocial variables (response rate 67%). Only nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy, who completed the questionnaire before 24 weeks, and delivered after 24 weeks, were included.
Methods: A postpartum questionnaire was used to gather information on hypertension or proteinuria. If this questionnaire was not available, the national obstetric register was used for pregnancy outcome. Medical files were examined for women with hypertension and/or proteinuria to confirm the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension according to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy guidelines. Psychosocial stress was defined as workstress (Work Experience and Appreciation Questionnaire partly based on the Job Content Instrument of Karasek et al.), anxiety (the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and pregnancy-related anxiety (PRAQ-R). The association of psychosocial stress with the incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension was explored by multivariate analysis adjusted for sociodemographic and medical confounders.
Main outcome measures: Incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension.
Results: A total of 3679 women were included. The incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension was 3.5 and 4.4%, respectively. Workstress, anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety or depression had no effect on the incidence of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension.
Conclusion: Psychosocial stress in the first half of pregnancy does not influence the incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in nulliparous women.