Purpose of review: The intricate balance between positive and negative signals delivered by accessory molecules is crucial to generate efficient immune responses while maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Of these molecules, programmed death 1 has been described as a negative regulator of T-cell activation. This review will focus on current knowledge about PD-1 regulation in different diseases and discuss its potential benefits for the development of novel immune therapies.
Recent findings: PD-1 has recently been shown to be upregulated on HIV-specific CD8 T cells, whereas the PD-1 expression level was significantly correlated with viral load. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction enhanced the capacity of HIV-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells to proliferate or secrete cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. Future manipulations of this pathway could rescue the function of exhausted CD8 and CD4 T cells.
Summary: The engagement of PD-1 with its ligands induces inhibitory signals as it blocks T-cell receptor-induced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. The PD-1 pathway plays a crucial role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the pathogenesis of cancer and chronic viral infections. Understanding the mechanisms by which PD-1 interferes with T-cell functions will pave the way for novel therapeutic immune interventions to treat these diseases.