This study assessed the screening rates for gastric cancer by two different screening methods, upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series and endoscopy; intentions to undergo future gastric cancer screening; and the preferred method of screening. The study population was derived from the 2006 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey. The Korean National Cancer Screening Survey is an annual cross-sectional survey that uses nationally representative random sampling to investigate cancer screening rates. A total of 1,625 Koreans over 40 years of age participated in this study. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with undergoing gastric cancer screening, having an intention to be screened, and preferring one of the two screening tests. Among the 1,625 subjects, 15.1% had received a UGI, 33.2% had received an endoscopy, and 43.1% had undergone either or both of the tests in the previous 2 years. About 52% of people reported the intention to be screened within the next 2 years. The odds ratio for intending to be screened was 11.8 and 6.2 higher among those who had undergone a prior UGI test and an endoscopy test within the previous 2 years, respectively, than for those who had never been screened. Among the 1,625 individuals, 67% chose endoscopy and 33% UGI for their preferred future screening method. Collectively, our results highlight the preference for endoscopy testing as a gastric cancer screening method. Providers' assessments of individuals' screening preferences in combination with intervention strategies to promote performance of the preferred test may increase patient compliance with gastric cancer screening recommendations.