In patients treated with conventional immunosuppression (azathioprine and prednisone) after renal transplantation, there is a beneficial effect of pre-transplant blood transfusions on graft survival; in patients treated with cyclosporine, this effect may be lost. In 66 children who received living-related donor transplants after donor-specific transfusions (DST) and were treated with azathioprine-prednisone in our center, 1- and 5-year graft survival rates were 99% and 77% respectively. These rates were similar to those reported for children who did not receive DST but were treated with cyclosporine in other centers. There were 634 adult and pediatric recipients of cadaver transplants in our center who were treated with cyclosporine and prednisone (non-sequential therapy, n = 89) or antilymphoblast globulin, azathioprine preduisone, and cyclosporin (sequential therapy, n = 545). When all patients were considered, graft survival rates were higher in transfused than in non-transfused patients at 3-5 years, but in the sequential therapy group, there were no differences in graft survival rates between transfused and non-transfused patients. The results suggest that transfusions do not improve cadaver graft survival in patients receiving optimal cyclosporine therapy and that equally good related donor graft survival can be achieved with DST and conventional immunosuppression or no DST and cyclosporine.