Bacterial activity was measured in the river Seine by two methods, (3)H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and (3)H-leucine incorporation into proteins. Both incorporation rates are characterized by low values upstream of Paris, a large increase just downstream of the outfall of the Achères treatment plant effluents, and then decreasing values further downstream. The covariation of both activities is demonstrated by the constancy of the molar ratio (leucine to thymidine incorporation rate) in the range of 6 to 8 for all the samples, except in the perturbed area where it is higher (15 to 35). These high values of molar ratio are linked to the introduction into the river of large sized bacteria ([Symbol: see text]1 µm) with higher incorporation rates per cell or biomass unit than the small autochthonous bacteria (< 1 µm). Growth rates of large bacteria were on average 3.7 times higher than those of small bacteria. Bacterial production was calculated with experimentally determined conversion factors (0.5 × 10(18) cells per mole of thymidine incorporated and 900 gC per mole of leucine incorporated) and by taking into account the activity of both size classes of bacteria measured through fractionation experiments (post-incubation filtration). Production estimated in the perturbed area downstream of Ach6res was very high, up to 60 µgC liter(-1)h(-1) in the summer. Carbon consumption by bacteria in the area perturbed by the Ach6res effluents was calculated assuming a growth yield of 0.2 and compared to the load of biodegradable organic matter discharged by the treatment plant. In summer, an additional supply of organic matter is required to account for the intense bacterial activity, suggesting the importance of phytoplankton production in the carbon budget.