1 aInfectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City Doha, Qatar bDepartment of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York cVaccine and Infectious Disease Division dClinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre eDepartment of Global Health fDepartment of Medicine gDepartment of Biostatistics hDepartment of Epidemiology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA iMRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK jDepartment of Biostatistics kEmerging Pathogens Institute, Colleges of Public Health and Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.