1 Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK e.kontopantelis@manchester.ac.uk.
2 National Institute for Health Research, School for Primary Care Research, Centre for Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester.
3 Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
4 Centre for Mental Health and Risk, University of Manchester.
5 Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
6 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.