Purpose: Despite the successful use of targeted and molecular therapies in other cancers, little progress has been made in the management of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). c-kit (CD 117) is a good target for cancer treatment and possesses an impressive role in the current oncological practice. We aimed to evaluate c-kit expression in early stage TGCTs as a prognostic factor.
Methods: Patients with TGCTs who were referred to the Medical Oncology Clinic and underwent curative surgical operation were included in our study before starting chemo- therapy. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded three-micrometer thick sections with CD 117 Rabbit Anti c-kit in vitro gene kit. Biochemically, we utilized AFP and β-HCG Immunlite 2000 device with solid phase chemiluminescent immunometric method, and LDH Roche models with the DP-standardized UV method. AFP 0-15 ng/ml, β-HCG < 0.1 mlu/ml and LDH 240-480 mg/dl were considered as normal values.
Results: Sixty-five patients were included in our study. Forty-one (63%) patients had non-seminoma tumors (NSGCTs) and 24 (37%) had seminoma. Statistically significant c-kit expression was found in patients with seminoma (p<0.0001). There was no difference between negative or positive c-kit expression in terms of clinicopathological characteristics, including preoperative serum levels of AFP, β-HCG, LDH, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, and IGCCCG risk classification. No correlation was found between these parameters and 5-year progression free survival (PFS) rate except for tumor stage, presence of lymph node metastasis and IGCCCG score (p=0.001, p=0.04, and p=0.0001, respectively). Five-year PFS rate of patients with positive CD 117 was 72.2% (95% CI, 54.6-89.8), and 56.6% (95% CI, 31.2-82.1) for those without CD 117 expression involvement (p=0.12).
Conclusion: So far, there has been no significant breakthrough in the treatment of cisplatin-refractory TGCTs in the era of targeted therapies. No prognostic importance of c-kit expression has been found in our study. However, we believe that c-kit expression, in numerical terms, can be considered as a good prognostic factor for patients with TGCTs. The fact that all seminoma cases displayed positive c-kit expression is what we think has driven this result.