Background: The benefits of transfusion for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) have not been well established; however, previous studies suggest that transfusion is associated with adverse outcomes. We performed an observational study using a 10-year database to analyze the association between red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and outcomes in patients with UGIB in the emergency department (ED).
Method and findings: All adult patients with UGIB were identified through diagnostic codes. Hospital mortality was the primary outcome; further bleeding was the secondary outcome. Logistic regression, propensity analyses, and conditional logistic regression were performed to determine factors associated with outcomes. Of 59,188 enrolled patients, 31.6% (n = 18,705) received RBC transfusions within 24 h following presentation to the ED. Hospital mortality was noted in 3.9 and 10.6% of the patients in the non-RBC transfusion and RBC transfusion groups, respectively (P < 0.001). RBC transfusion was associated with increased mortality risk (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.75-3.16; P < 0.001) among all patients and in the propensity-matched cohort (unadjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.39-1.72; P < 0.001). Further bleeding was noted in 5.6 and 33.8% of the patients in the non-RBC transfusion and RBC transfusion groups, respectively (P < 0.001). RBC transfusion was associated with increased risk of further bleeding (unadjusted OR 8.60, 95% CI 8.16-9.06; P < 0.001) among all patients and in the propensity-matched cohort (unadjusted OR 2.58, 95% CI 2.37-2.79; P < 0.001).
Conclusion: RBC transfusion was significantly associated with increased rates of hospital mortality and further bleeding in patients with UGIB. Although our findings have strengths, these results are not generalizable to all patients presenting with UGIB, especially patients presenting with exsanguinating bleeding. Additional prospective trials to guide optimal transfusion strategies in UGIB patients are needed.