Approaches to support continued iCCM implementation during a flooding emergency in rural Bangladesh

Abstract

Background: More evidence is needed on how integrated community case management (iCCM) service delivery is affected and on how to maintain service availability during crises. This study documented the implementation of iCCM through two cadres of community health workers (community health care providers [CHCPs] and village doctors [VDs]) in communities that were affected by a 2015 flooding emergency in Bangladesh.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective case study to assess iCCM services provided by CHCPs and VDs during a flooding emergency that occurred from June to August 2015. We purposively selected nine unions within four sub-districts in Bhola District. In this mixed methods study, we analyzed trends in quantitative service delivery indicators over the time period from January 2015 to February 2016. Qualitative data were obtained through 28 in-depth interviews and 13 focus group discussions with policy makers, implementers, supervisors, CHCPs, VDs, community leaders, and caregivers of under-five children.

Results: All stakeholders reported disruptions in iCCM service delivery and in access to CHCPs and VDs for community members. The quantitative data showed a 30% reduction in average number of children who received treatment from both CHCPs and VDs during flooding months compared to pre-flood months (from 2273/month to 1593/month). There was also an increase in the number of children referred by CHCPs and VDs, reduced supervision, and increased stock-outs of commodities during the flooding months. CHCPs and VDs, in collaboration with community members, came up with several locally adapted initiatives to maintain iCCM services, including changing clinic hours according to the tide, organizing temporary clinics at alternative sites that were located on higher ground, use of community boats to visit clients in their homes, and use of mobile phones for communication with supervisors and community members.

Conclusion: Our study results demonstrate that iCCM services can continue during a natural disaster, albeit with significant disruptions. Ad hoc adaptations to services by local implementers and community members were key in maintaining availability of services during the emergency. In future emergencies, service delivery could be significantly strengthened by enacting key preparedness activities prior to a natural disaster such as severe flooding.