Purpose: Studies exploring the association of cigarette smoking and long-term survival outcomes following radical cystectomy have yielded mixed results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of tobacco smoking exposure, duration, intensity and cessation on response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and long-term survival outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Materials and methods: We systematically searched PubMed®, MEDLINE®, Embase® and Cochrane® Library databases for original articles published before April 2019. Primary end points were neoadjuvant chemotherapy response, overall and cancer specific mortality, and recurrence-free survival after radical cystectomy. Observational studies reporting Cox proportional hazards regression or logistic regression analysis were independently screened. Available multivariable hazard ratios and corresponding 95% CIs were included in the quantitative analysis. Sensitivity analyses were performed as appropriate. A risk of bias assessment was completed for nonrandomized studies.
Results: Our electronic search identified a total of 649 articles. After a detailed review we selected 17 studies that addressed the impact of smoking status on survival outcomes in 13,777 patients after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Pooled meta-analysis revealed that active smokers have an increased risk of overall mortality (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.08-1.36; p=0.001, I2=0%), cancer specific mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.36; p <0.00001, I2=0%) and bladder cancer recurrence (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12-1.38; p <0.0001, I2=3%). Sensitivity analyses evaluating only patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy showed an advantage of non/never smokers in terms of neoadjuvant chemotherapy complete response rate (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29-0.75; p=0.001, I2=0%).
Conclusions: Smoking status is associated with lower neoadjuvant chemotherapy response rates and higher overall and cancer specific mortality as well as bladder cancer recurrence after radical cystectomy. Appropriate preoperative counseling, together with tightened followup, may have a pivotal role in improving the smoking-related long-term survival outcomes in patients with bladder cancer.
Keywords: cigarette smoking; cystectomy; recurrence; survival; urinary bladder neoplasms.