Developmental Differences in Cortical Activation During Action Observation, Action Execution and Interpersonal Synchrony: An fNIRS Study

Wan-Chun Su; McKenzie L Culotta; Michael D Hoffman; Susanna L Trost; Kevin A Pelphrey; Daisuke Tsuzuki; Anjana N Bhat

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00057

Developmental Differences in Cortical Activation During Action Observation, Action Execution and Interpersonal Synchrony: An fNIRS Study

Front Hum Neurosci. 2020 Mar 3:14:57. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00057. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Wan-Chun Su^{1

2}, McKenzie L Culotta^{1

2}, Michael D Hoffman¹, Susanna L Trost¹, Kevin A Pelphrey³, Daisuke Tsuzuki⁴, Anjana N Bhat^{1

2

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
² Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
³ Department of Neurology & The UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
⁴ Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵ Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.

Abstract

Interpersonal synchrony (IPS) is an important everyday behavior influencing social cognitive development; however, few studies have investigated the developmental differences and underlying neural mechanisms of IPS. functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging tool that allows the study of cortical activation in the presence of natural movements. Using fNIRS, we compared cortical activation patterns between children and adults during action observation, execution, and IPS. Seventeen school-age children and 15 adults completed a reach to cleanup task while we obtained cortical activation data from bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and inferior parietal lobes (IPL). Children showed lower spatial and temporal accuracy during IPS compared to adults (i.e., spatial synchrony scores (Mean ± SE) in children: 2.67 ± 0.08 and adults: 2.85 ± 0.06; temporal synchrony scores (Mean ± SE) in children: 2.74 ± 0.06 and adults: 2.88 ± 0.05). For both groups, the STS regions were more activated during action observation, while the IFG and STS were more activated during action execution and IPS. The IPS condition involved more right-sided activation compared to action execution suggesting that IPS is a higher-order process involving more bilateral cortical activation. In addition, adults showed more left lateralization compared to the children during movement conditions (execution and IPS); which indicated greater inhibition of ipsilateral cortices in the adults compared to children. These findings provide a neuroimaging framework to study imitation and IPS impairments in special populations such as children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Keywords: development; fNIRS; imitation; interpersonal synchrony; lateralization.

Abstract

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