The C-peptide is a fragment of proinsulin, the cleavage of which forms active insulin. In recent years, new information has appeared on the physiological effects of the C-peptide, indicating its positive effect on many organs and tissues, including the kidneys, nervous system, heart, vascular endothelium and blood microcirculation. Studies on experimental models of diabetes mellitus in animals, as well as clinical trials in patients with diabetes, have shown that the C-peptide has an important regulatory effect on the early stages of functional and structural disorders caused by this disease. The C-peptide exhibits its effects through binding to a specific receptor on the cell membrane and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Intracellular signaling involves G-proteins and Ca2+-dependent pathways, resulting in activation and increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Na+/K+-ATPase and important transcription factors involved in apoptosis, anti-inflammatory and other intracellular defense mechanisms. This review gives an idea of the C-peptide as a bioactive endogenous peptide that has its own biological activity and therapeutic potential.
S-peptid — fragment proinsulina, v rezul'tate otshchepleniia kotorogo obrazuetsia aktivnyĭ insulin. Za poslednie gody poiavilas' novaia informatsiia o fiziologicheskikh éffektakh S-peptida, svidetel'stvuiushchaia o ego polozhitel'nom vliianii na funktsii mnogikh organov i tkaneĭ, v tom chisle pochki, nervnuiu sistemu, serdtse, sosudistyĭ éndoteliĭ i mikrotsirkuliatsiiu krovi. Issledovaniia na zhivotnykh s ispol'zovaniem éksperimental'nykh modeleĭ sakharnogo diabeta, a takzhe klinicheskie nabliudeniia patsientov s sakharnym diabetom prodemonstrirovali, chto S-peptid okazyvaet vazhnoe reguliatornoe vliianie na rannikh stadiiakh funktsional'nykh i strukturnykh narusheniĭ, vyzvannykh étim zabolevaniem. Svoi éffekty S-peptid osushchestvliaet, sviazyvaias' so spetsificheskim retseptorom na kletochnoĭ membrane. Vnutrikletochnaia peredacha signalov osushchestvliaetsia cherez G-belki i Ca2+-zavisimye puti, chto privodit k aktivatsii i povyshennoĭ ékspressii éndotelial'noĭ sintazy oksida azota, Na+/K+-adenozintrifosfatazy i vazhnykh faktorov transkriptsii, uchastvuiushchikh v apoptoze, protivovospalitel'nykh i drugikh vnutrikletochnykh zashchitnykh mekhanizmakh. Tsel' dannogo obzora — dat' predstavlenie o S-peptide kak o bioaktivnom éndogennom peptide, obladaiushchem sobstvennoĭ biologicheskoĭ aktivnost'iu s terapevticheskim potentsialom.
Keywords: C-peptide; apoptosis; diabetic nephropathy; mechanism of action; neuropathy; review.