Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is one of the most common acquired immune-mediated bleeding disorders found in children. Prednisone is usually considered a first-line therapeutic agent for ITP in children. Yet, prolonged exposure to prednisone has been associated with certain side effects. This prospective randomized study comparatively assessed the efficacy and safety of short-course high-dose dexamethasone (HDD) and standard prednisone (PDN) as a first-line treatment for children with previously untreated primary ITP. Two hundred eleven children were randomized into the HDD (n = 110) and PDN (n = 101) groups. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups (p > 0.05). Early response rates were 92.7% and 93% (p = 0.923); initial response rates were 93.6% and 95% (p = 0.658) and durable response rates were 90% and 91% (p = 0.787) in the HDD and PDN groups, respectively. More remission patients in the HDD group compared with the PDN group (86.3% vs. 80.1%) at 12th month after treatment, yet no statistical difference was observed (p = 0.703). Bleeding events were 10.9% and 14.8% (p = 0.105), and bleeding score improvement rates were 78.2% and 76.2% (p = 0.284) in the HDD and PDN groups, respectively. Cushing's disease, weight gain and infection rates were higher in the PDN group compared to the HDD group (80% vs. 10%, p = 0.001; 74.2% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.001; and 26% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.012) 1 month after treatment. HDD showed non-inferior efficacy and fewer glucocorticoid-related adverse effects compared with PDN. These findings indicated that HDD could be considered as a first-line treatment in children with previously untreated primary ITP, thus replacing standard PDN.
Keywords: Children; First-line treatment; High-dose dexamethasone; Immune thrombocytopenia.