Purpose: Differences in tumor biology, genomic architecture, and health care delivery patterns contribute to the breast cancer mortality gap between White and Black patients in the US. Although this gap has been well documented in previous literature, it remains uncertain how large the actual effect size of race is for different survival outcomes and the four breast cancer subtypes.
Methods: We established a breast cancer patient cohort at the University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center. We chose five major survival outcomes to study: overall survival, recurrence-free survival, breast-cancer-specific survival, time-to-recurrence and post-recurrence survival. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios between Black and White patients, adjusting for selected patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics, and also stratified by the four breast cancer subtypes.
Results: The study included 2795 stage I-III breast cancer patients (54% White and 38% Black). After adjusting for selected patient, tumor and treatment characteristics, Black patients still did worse than White patients in all five survival outcomes. The racial difference was highest within the HR-/HER2+ subgroup, in both overall survival (hazard ratio = 4.00, 95% CI 1.47-10.86) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 3.00, 95% CI 1.36-6.60), adjusting for age at diagnosis, cancer stage, and comorbidities. There was also a significant racial disparity within the HR+/HER2- group in both overall survival and recurrence-free survival.
Conclusions: Our study confirmed that racial disparity existed between White and Black breast cancer patients in terms of both survival and recurrence, and found that this disparity was largest among HR-/HER2+ and HR+/HER2- patients.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Racial disparity; Recurrence; Subtype; Survival.