Survival of South African patients on renal replacement therapy

Thabiet Jardine; Esther Wong; Retha Steenkamp; Fergus J Caskey; Mogamat Razeen Davids

doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa012

Survival of South African patients on renal replacement therapy

Clin Kidney J. 2020 Mar 4;13(5):782-790. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa012. eCollection 2020 Oct.

Authors

Thabiet Jardine^{1

2}, Esther Wong³, Retha Steenkamp³, Fergus J Caskey⁴, Mogamat Razeen Davids^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Nephrology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
² South African Renal Registry, Cape Town, South Africa.
³ United Kingdom Renal Registry, Bristol, UK.
⁴ Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol and North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.

Abstract

Background: The majority of South Africans rely on a resource-constrained public healthcare sector, where access to renal replacement therapy (RRT) is strictly rationed. The incidence of RRT in this sector is only 4.4 per million population (pmp), whereas it is 139 pmp in the private sector, which serves mainly the 16% of South Africans who have medical insurance. Data on the outcomes of RRT may influence policies and resource allocation. This study evaluated, for the first time, the survival of South African patients starting RRT based on data from the South African Renal Registry.

Methods: The cohort included patients with end-stage kidney disease who initiated RRT between January 2013 and September 2016. Data were collected on potential risk factors for mortality. Failure events included stopping treatment without recovery of renal function and death. Patients were censored at 1 year or upon recovery of renal function or loss to follow-up. The 1-year patient survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the association of potential risk factors with survival was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results: The cohort comprised 6187 patients. The median age was 52.5 years, 47.2% had diabetes, 10.2% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and 82.2% had haemodialysis as their first RRT modality. A total of 542 patients died within 1 year of initiating RRT, and overall 1-year survival was 90.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 89.6-91.2]. Survival was similar in patients treated in the private sector as compared with the public healthcare sector [hazard ratio 0.93 (95% CI 0.72-1.21)]. Higher mortality was associated with older age and a primary renal diagnosis of 'Other' or 'Aetiology unknown'. When compared with those residing in the Western Cape, patients residing in the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and Free State provinces had higher mortality. There was no difference in mortality based on ethnicity, diabetes or treatment modality. The 1-year survival was 95.9 and 94.2% in HIV-positive and -negative patients, respectively. One-fifth of the cohort had no data on HIV status and the survival in this group was considerably lower at 77.1% (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: The survival rates of South African patients accessing RRT are comparable to those in better-resourced countries. It is still unclear what effect, if any, HIV infection has on survival.

Keywords: South Africa; dialysis; patient survival; renal replacement therapy; transplantation.