Retrospective Post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR of Autopsies with COVID-19-Suggestive Pathology Supports the Absence of Lethal Community Spread in Basel, Switzerland, before February 2020

Jasmin Dionne Haslbauer; Valeria Perrina; Matthias Matter; Athanassios Dellas; Michael J Mihatsch; Alexandar Tzankov

doi:10.1159/000512563

Retrospective Post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR of Autopsies with COVID-19-Suggestive Pathology Supports the Absence of Lethal Community Spread in Basel, Switzerland, before February 2020

Pathobiology. 2021;88(1):95-105. doi: 10.1159/000512563. Epub 2020 Nov 6.

Authors

Jasmin Dionne Haslbauer¹, Valeria Perrina¹, Matthias Matter¹, Athanassios Dellas², Michael J Mihatsch¹, Alexandar Tzankov³

Affiliations

¹ Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
² Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
³ Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, alexandar.tzankov@usb.ch.

Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread around the world. While the first case was recorded in Hubei in December 2019, the extent of early community spread in Central Europe before this period is unknown. A high proportion of asymptomatic cases and undocumented infections, high transmissibility, and phylogenetic genomic diversity have engendered the controversial possibility of early international community spread of SARS-CoV-2 before its emergence in China.

Methods: To assess the early presence of lethal COVID-19 in Switzerland, we retrospectively performed an analysis of deaths at University Hospital Basel between October 2019 and February 2020 (n = 310), comparing the incidence of clinical causes of death with March 2020 (n = 72), the month during which the first lethal COVID-19 cases in Basel were reported. Trends of COVID-19-suggestive sequelae, such as bronchopneumonia with organization, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or pulmonary embolisms (PE) were evaluated. In cases where autopsy was performed (n = 71), analogous analyses were conducted on the cause of death and pulmonary histological findings. Eight cases with a COVID-19-suggestive clinical history and histopathology between October 2019 and February 2020, and 3 cases before October 2019, were selected for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR.

Results: A statistically significant rise in pulmonary causes of death was observed in March 2020 (p = 0.03), consistent with the reported emergence of lethal COVID-19 in Switzerland. A rise in lethal bronchopneumonia was observed between December 2019 and January 2020, which was likely seasonal. The incidence of lethal ARDS and PE was uniformly low between October 2019 and February 2020. All autopsy cases analyzed by means of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR yielded negative results.

Conclusion: Our data suggest the absence of early lethal community spread of COVID-19 in Basel before its initial reported emergence in Switzerland in March 2020.

Keywords: Autopsy; COVID-19; Diffuse alveolar damage; Infectious pathology; SARS-CoV-2.

MeSH terms

Autopsy / methods
COVID-19 / pathology*
COVID-19 / virology*
Europe
Humans
Lung / pathology
Lung / virology*
Phylogeny
Retrospective Studies
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
SARS-CoV-2 / pathogenicity*