Impact of riboflavin mediated photodynamic disinfection around fixed orthodontic system infected with oral bacteria

Muhammad Abdullah Kamran; Muhammad Qasim; Samuel Ebele Udeabor; Mohammad Shahul Hameed; Master Luqman Mannakandath; Ibrahim Alshahrani

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102232

Impact of riboflavin mediated photodynamic disinfection around fixed orthodontic system infected with oral bacteria

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021 Jun:34:102232. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102232. Epub 2021 Feb 22.

Authors

Muhammad Abdullah Kamran¹, Muhammad Qasim², Samuel Ebele Udeabor³, Mohammad Shahul Hameed⁴, Master Luqman Mannakandath⁵, Ibrahim Alshahrani⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mmuhammad@kku.edu.sa.
² Department of Restorative Dental Sciences (Operative Dentistry), College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 33631380
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102232

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the amount of bacterial destruction through riboflavin mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) around fixed orthodontic devices by using the two strains of bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis.

Materials and methods: A total of 80 metallic brackets were divided into four groups consisting of 20 brackets each. Group-I: riboflavin + LED irradiation; Group-II: riboflavin alone; Group-III: immersion in 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate solution and Group-IV: not submitted to any treatment. All metallic brackets were immersed in the standard bacterial solutions and incubated at 48 h. All samples were subjected to MTT assay for microbial cell viability testing after treatment. After 24 h of incubation, biofilms adhered on the mesh of metallic brackets after treatment were assessed by confocal laser microscopy. The total CFU/mL was estimated, and the results were log-transformed (log₁₀) and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer test. P-value was set to <0.05 that indicated statistical significance.

Results: The samples from group-IV showed the highest amount of relative biofilm viability compared to any other group while group-I (PDT) showed the least viability of the two bacterial strains studied (p < 0.05). Group-I showed no significant difference when compared with group-III (chlorhexidine) (p > 0.05). The biofilms on the samples from group-II and group-IV were largely viable indicating thick green staining across the mesh of the brackets. Among the group-III samples, there were predominantly dead cells as compared to the live cell staining. A considerable amount of red staining was observed with noticeable less green staining in group-I samples.

Conclusion: This laboratory investigation revealed that riboflavin mediated PDT significantly reduced the amounts of S. mutans and S. sanguinis around the orthodontic brackets.

Keywords: Chlorhexidine; Orthodontics; Photochemotherapy; Photodynamic therapy; Riboflavin; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguinis.

MeSH terms

Biofilms
Disinfection
Photochemotherapy* / methods
Photosensitizing Agents / pharmacology
Riboflavin
Streptococcus mutans

Substances

Photosensitizing Agents
Riboflavin