Cardiac arrhythmias and electrophysiologic responses during spontaneous hyperglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Aim: We examined the effect of spontaneous hyperglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and without history of cardiovascular disease on heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac repolarisation and incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.

Methods: Thirty-seven individuals with T1DM (age 17-50 years, 19 males, mean duration of diabetes 19.3 SD(9.6) years) underwent 96 h of simultaneous ambulatory 12-lead Holter ECG and blinded continuous interstitial glucose (IG) monitoring (CGM). HRV, QT interval and cardiac repolarisation were assessed during hyperglycaemia (IG ≥ 15 mmol/l) and compared with matched euglycaemia (IG 5-10 mmol/l) on a different day, separately during the day and night. Rates of arrhythmias were assessed by calculating incidence rate differences.

Results: Simultaneous ECG and CGM data were recorded for 2395 hours. During daytime hyperglycaemia vs euglycaemia the mean QT_c interval duration was 404 SD(21)ms vs 407 SD(20)ms, P = 0.263. T-peak to T-end interval duration corrected for heart rate (T_pT_endc) shortened: 74.8 SD(16.1)ms vs 79.0 SD(14.8)ms, P = 0.033 and T-wave symmetry increased: 1.62 SD(0.33) vs 1.50 SD(0.39), P = 0.02. During night-time hyperglycaemia vs euglycaemia, the mean QT_c interval duration was 401 SD(26)ms vs 404 SD(27)ms, P = 0.13 and T_pT_end shortened: 62.4 SD(12.0)ms vs 67.1 SD(11.8)ms, P = 0.003. The number of cardiac arrhythmias was low and confined to bradycardia and isolated ectopic beats. A considerable inter-subject and diurnal variability was observed.

Conclusions: Hyperglycaemia in individuals with T1DM without known cardiovascular disease was not associated with clinically important cardiac arrhythmias.

Keywords: Cardiac arrhythmias; Cardiac electrophysiology; Heart rate variability (HRV); Hyperglycaemia; QT(c) interval; Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).