Prior COVID-19 protects against reinfection, even in the absence of detectable antibodies

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, UK. Electronic address: aodhan.breathnach@stgeorges.nhs.uk.
• ² Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
• ³ South London Specialist Virology Centre, Viapath, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• ⁴ Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
• ⁵ Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences, North West London Pathology, London, UK.
• ⁶ Department of Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• ⁷ Department of Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, UK.
• ⁸ Department of Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.
• ⁹ Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences, North West London Pathology, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK.