The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in drinking water and non-carcinogenic risk assessment: A case study in Bandar Abbas, Iran

Hamid Reza Ghaffari; Zohreh Kamari; Vahid Ranaei; Zahra Pilevar; Mitra Akbari; Mashallah Moridi; Khaled Mohamed Khedher; Van Nam Thai; Yadolah Fakhri; Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111567

The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in drinking water and non-carcinogenic risk assessment: A case study in Bandar Abbas, Iran

Environ Res. 2021 Oct:201:111567. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111567. Epub 2021 Jun 24.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
² Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
³ Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴ School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
⁵ Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul, 8000, Tunisia.
⁶ Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
⁷ Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Electronic address: Ya.Fakhri@hums.ac.ir.
⁸ Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80. Caixa Postal: 6121, CEP: 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

PMID: 34171377
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111567

Abstract

In this study, concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) including slice (Si), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), Vanadium (V), selenium (Se), Chrome (Cr), Arsenic (As) and Uranium (U) in tap drinking water (n = 40) and filtration plant (n = 22) in Bandar Abbas city between March to July 2020 were analyzed. Analysis of PHEs ions was conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Also, concentration of F was measured by SPADNS Method. The non-carcinogenic risk in the exposed population (adult and children) were estimated. Concentration of PHEs between tap drinking water and filtration plant was compared using T statistical test. In addition, association among PHEs in tap drinking water and water filtration plant using Pearson correlation coefficient. The rank order of PHEs in tap drinking water was Si (6356.25 μg/l) > Sr (3980 μg/l) > Al (115.42 μg/l) > Fe (30.00 μg/l) > Zn (14.59 μg/l) > Ba (13.91 μg/l) > Pb (13.01 μg/l) > Li (11.60 μg/l) > V (4.43 μg/l) > Se (4.17 μg/l) > Cr (2.51 μg/l) > As (2.00 μg/l) > U (0.65 μg/l) > F (0.31 μg/l) and also in filtration plant was Si (1825.00 μg/l) > Sr (539.00 μg/l) > Fe (45.00 μg/l) > Al (26.00 μg/l) > Zn (8.08 μg/l) > Ba (2.24 μg/l) > Se (1.36 μg/l)> Pb(1.28 μg/l) > Li (1.26 μg/l) > Cr (1.17 μg/l) > F (0.66 μg/l) > V (0.61 μg/l) > As (LOD < ) ~ U (LOD <). The most of PHEs in tap drinking water was considerable different with filtration plant (p value < 0.05) therefore the chemical quality of tap drinking water should be more attention. The results of non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that TTHQ in the adults and children due to drinking tap water content of PHEs was 2.59E-3 and 6.05E-3 and filtration plant was 8.88E-04 and 2.07E-03, respectively. Therefore, TTHQ in adults and children was lower than 1; therefore, consumers are in the safe range due to drinking tap water and water filtration plant content of PHEs.

Keywords: Filtration plant; Potentially hazard elements; Potentially hazardous elements; Risk assessment; Tap drinking water.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Child
Drinking Water*
Humans
Iran

Substances

Drinking Water