Potential importance of residual confounding in systematic reviews of observational studies: Answer to Mathur and VanderTweele

Affiliations

• ¹ Cochrane Work, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.h.a.m.verbeek@amsterdamumc.nl.
• ² Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK.
• ³ McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
• ⁴ National Institute of Environment Health Science, United States.
• ⁵ Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
• ⁶ Cochrane Work, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• ⁷ University of Glasgow, UK.
• ⁸ University of Ottawa, Canada.
• ⁹ University of Kansas Medical Center, United States.
• ¹⁰ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.