Heterosigma akashiwo does not serve as prey and chloroplast donor for the toxic dinoflagellate, Dinophysis acuminata

Abstract

In laboratory culture, the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata acquires plastids from the ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum, which, in turn, acquires plastids from the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia. Reports of D. acuminata from field samples found plastids of the raphidophyte, Heterosigma akashiwo within D. acuminata cells, suggesting a broader range of prey. Dinophysis blooms often co-occur with H. akashiwo in Delaware's inland bays. In the study presented here, predation on H. akashiwo by D. acuminata was investigated. Growth rates of D. acuminata were measured when cultured with H. akashiwo either alone or with its known prey, M. rubrum. M. rubrum was also cultured with H. akashiwo to examine predation by the ciliate as a vector for Heterosigma plastids. Ingestion rates by D. acuminata were measured when presented with H. akashiwo as prey, and retention of plastids from H. akashiwo was investigated by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence intensities in D. acuminata cells presented with H. akashiwo as prey compared to M. rubrum. Additionally, a fluorescence-based method was developed to identify the presence of the accessory pigment fucoxanthin from H. akashiwo plastids in cells of D. acuminata. Results showed that the growth rate of D. acuminata was significantly lower when offered H. akashiwo as prey compared the growth rate when offered M. rubrum as prey. Likewise, no predation was observed when D. acuminata was offered H. akashiwo as prey. Intensity of chlorophyll a fluorescence was lower when H. akashiwo was offered as prey compared to M. rubrum, and fucoxanthin was not detected in any of the Dinophysis cells examined after incubation with H. akashiwo. Results of this investigation do not support the hypothesis that D. acuminata preys on H. akashiwo and highlight the need for further research on factors that stimulate the growth of Dinophysis in field populations.

Keywords: Delaware inland bays; Dinophysis acuminata; Heterosigma akashiwo; Kleptoplasty; Mesodinium rubrum.