Magnitude and determinants of delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis: 2020

Getahun Fetensa; Desalegn Wirtu; Belachew Etana; Tadesse Tolossa; Bizuneh Wakuma

doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00837-y

Magnitude and determinants of delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis: 2020

Arch Public Health. 2022 Mar 14;80(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s13690-022-00837-y.

Authors

Getahun Fetensa^{1

2}, Desalegn Wirtu³, Belachew Etana³, Tadesse Tolossa³, Bizuneh Wakuma⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia. fetensagetahun@gmail.com.
² Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. fetensagetahun@gmail.com.
³ Department of Public Health, Institute of Health sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
⁴ Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main public health concern in the world resulting in significant morbidity and mortality as well as in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there are various primary studies with inconsistent findings. Delay in the diagnosis of TB is determined by different factors like the type of TB, marital status, TB-HIV co-infection, employment status, place of residence, educational status, type of first visited a health facility, and gender of the patient. This review will produce pooled evidence on delay in diagnosis and associated factors among TB that might have huge public health impacts, like unfavorable treatment outcomes, increase transmission of the disease in the community for better intervention.

Methods: The presence of systematic reviews and meta-analysis on similar topics was checked and the topic was registered on PROSPERO to prevent duplication with the registration number of (CRD42020158963). Both published and unpublished studies conducted in Ethiopia from 2002 to April 1 2020 were searched thoroughly using electronic databases. Data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Heterogeneity was checked by using I² and Cochrane Q test. In the presence of heterogeneity, a random effect model was employed to estimate the pooled magnitude and determinants of diagnosis delay of TB. Publication bias was checked by using the graphical funnel plot and Egger's statistical test.

Result: The Pooled magnitude of tuberculosis diagnosis delay in Ethiopia was 45.42% [95%CI 34.44, 56.40]. Residing in urban, having educational status and patients with positive serostatus were protective against TB diagnostic delay while having extra-pulmonary TB and not being married were risk factors for delaying TB diagnosis.

Conclusion: TB diagnosis delays in Ethiopia are significantly high. Sociodemographic and institutional factors were significantly contributing to the delay. Therefore, national TB control programs need to identify and address gaps, barriers, and weaknesses along the entire patient care cascade, to improve appropriately.

Keywords: Delay in diagnosis; Ethiopia; Tuberculosis.